Male infertility can result from various factors affecting sperm production, function, or delivery. Here are some common types and causes:
Azoospermia: This condition is characterized by the absence of sperm in the ejaculate. It can be caused by blockages in the reproductive tract, hormonal imbalances, or genetic factors.
Oligospermia: This refers to a low sperm count. It means that the number of sperm in the ejaculate is lower than normal, which can reduce the chances of fertilizing an egg.
Asthenozoospermia: This is when sperm have reduced motility, meaning they move more slowly or less effectively. Poor sperm movement can make it harder for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg.
Teratozoospermia: This condition involves sperm with abnormal morphology (shape). Abnormal sperm may have difficulties penetrating the egg, impacting fertility.
Hypospermia: This is characterized by a lower-than-normal volume of ejaculate. Reduced semen volume can affect the number of sperm delivered during intercourse.
Cryptozoospermia: This is a rare condition where sperm are present in very low numbers and may only be detected using advanced techniques like sperm centrifugation.
Ejaculatory Duct Obstruction: This occurs when one or both of the ejaculatory ducts, which transport sperm from the testes to the urethra, are blocked. This blockage prevents sperm from being included in the ejaculate.
Hormonal Imbalances: Issues with hormones such as testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) can affect sperm production and quality.
Genetic Factors: Genetic abnormalities, such as Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome) or Y chromosome deletions, can affect sperm production and fertility.
Varicocele: This is the enlargement of veins within the scrotum, which can lead to increased testicular temperature and reduced sperm production.
Infections: Certain infections, like sexually transmitted infections or mumps, can impact sperm production or delivery by affecting the reproductive organs.
Lifestyle Factors: Factors like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, drug use, obesity, and exposure to environmental toxins can negatively affect sperm quality and quantity.
Medical Treatments: Treatments like chemotherapy or radiation for cancer can damage sperm production and lead to infertility.
Diagnosing the exact cause of male infertility often requires a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and specific tests like semen analysis, hormone testing, and possibly genetic screening. Consulting with a fertility specialist can help identify the underlying issue and guide appropriate treatment options.